The relationship between positive parenting and adolescent prosocial behavior: The mediating role of empathy and the moderating role of the oxytocin receptor gene

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2021.00976

Abstract

Abstract:

Plenty of studies have shown that maternal positive parenting promotes adolescents’ prosocial behavior, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The participants were 1082 mother-offspring dyads (adolescents’ mean age: 12.32 ± 0.48 years, 50.3% females) recruited from the community which was followed for two years. Under the framework of “gene-environment-endophenotype- behavior”, this study investigated the mediating role of empathy in the relationship between maternal positive parenting and adolescents’ prosocial behavior, and the moderating role of OXTR gene rs53576 polymorphism. The results showed that cognitive empathy, but not emotional empathy, mediated the association between positive parenting and prosocial behavior. Specifically, positive parenting was positively associated with cognitive empathy, which in turn was positively associated with adolescents’ prosocial behavior. Further, this mediation was moderated by the OXTR gene rs53576 polymorphism. For adolescents with AA and GG genotypes, positive parenting was related to higher levels of cognitive empathy, which increased prosocial behavior. However, this mediation effect was not observed among adolescents with AG genotype. In addition, the results revealed evidence for an overdominance model for OXTR rs53576 polymorphism. Moreover, the G×E interaction predicted cognitive empathy but not prosocial behavior. These findings add to our understanding of how empathy and genetic factors contribute to adolescents’ prosocial behavior within the family context.

Key words: prosocial behavior, maternal positive parenting, OXTR gene, cognitive empathy, emotional empathy

ZHANG Wenxin, LI Xi, CHEN Guanghui, CAO Yanmiao. (2021). The relationship between positive parenting and adolescent prosocial behavior: The mediating role of empathy and the moderating role of the oxytocin receptor gene. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 53(9), 976-991.

Figures/Tables 7

References 84

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Variable	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1 SES	1
2 Gender	0.04	1
3 Positive parenting (T1)	0.17^***	-0.04	1
4 Cognitive empathy (T2)	0.03	-0.04	0.11^***	1
5 Emotional empathy (T2)	0.01	-0.15^***	0.07^*	0.49^***	1
6 Prosocial behavior (T1)	0.15^***	-0.53^***	0.14^***	0.16^***	0.22^***	1
7 Prosocial behavior (T2)	0.04	-0.49^***	0.09^***	0.14^***	0.18^***	0.53^***	1
M (SD)	0.00 (1.00)	—	3.21 (0.52)	2.94 (0.61)	2.70 (0.64)	1.76 (0.46)	1.77 (0.48)

Variable	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1 SES	1
2 Gender	0.04	1
3 Positive parenting (T1)	0.17^***	-0.04	1
4 Cognitive empathy (T2)	0.03	-0.04	0.11^***	1
5 Emotional empathy (T2)	0.01	-0.15^***	0.07^*	0.49^***	1
6 Prosocial behavior (T1)	0.15^***	-0.53^***	0.14^***	0.16^***	0.22^***	1
7 Prosocial behavior (T2)	0.04	-0.49^***	0.09^***	0.14^***	0.18^***	0.53^***	1
M (SD)	0.00 (1.00)	—	3.21 (0.52)	2.94 (0.61)	2.70 (0.64)	1.76 (0.46)	1.77 (0.48)

Model	χ²/df	CFI	TLI	RMSEA (90% CI)	Path a	Path b	Path c	95% CI
Cognitive empathy	6.50	0.91	0.90	0.072[0.069~0.075]	0.14^***	0.14^***	0.08^*	[0.006, 0.028]
Cognitive empathy (Controlled for T1 prosocial behavior)	6.41	0.91	0.90	0.071[0.068~0.074]	0.14^***	0.09^**	0.04	[0.001, 0.020]
Emotional empathy	7.49	0.89	0.88	0.078[0.075~0.081]	0.09^*	0.14^***	0.08^*.	[-0.001, 0.022]
Emotional empathy (Controlled for T1 prosocial behavior)	7.36	0.88	0.87	0.077[0.074~0.080]	0.09⁺	0.07⁺	0.04^*	[-0.002, 0.013]

Model	χ²/df	CFI	TLI	RMSEA (90% CI)	Path a	Path b	Path c	95% CI
Cognitive empathy	6.50	0.91	0.90	0.072[0.069~0.075]	0.14^***	0.14^***	0.08^*	[0.006, 0.028]
Cognitive empathy (Controlled for T1 prosocial behavior)	6.41	0.91	0.90	0.071[0.068~0.074]	0.14^***	0.09^**	0.04	[0.001, 0.020]
Emotional empathy	7.49	0.89	0.88	0.078[0.075~0.081]	0.09^*	0.14^***	0.08^*.	[-0.001, 0.022]
Emotional empathy (Controlled for T1 prosocial behavior)	7.36	0.88	0.87	0.077[0.074~0.080]	0.09⁺	0.07⁺	0.04^*	[-0.002, 0.013]

Variable	Model 1 Dependent variable: Prosocial behavior			Model 2 Dependent variable: Cognitive empathy			Model 3 Dependent variable: Prosocial behavior
Variable	ΔR²	b	SE	ΔR²	b	SE	ΔR²	b	SE
Step 1: SES	0.24^***	0.03^*	0.01	0.003	0.02	0.02	0.24^***	0.03^*	0.01
Gender		-0.47^***	0.03		-0.04	0.04		-0.47^***	0.03
Step 2: Positive parenting	0.01^**	0.03^*	0.01	0.01^***	0.07^***	0.02	0.01^**	0.03^*	0.01
Step 3: Cognitive empathy	0.01^***	0.06^***	0.01	—	—	—	0.01^***	0.06^***	0.01
Step 4: OXTR gene
Dummy coding: AG vs. AA				0.002	0.05	0.04	0.001	0.01	0.03
GG vs. AA					-0.03	0.07		-0.04	0.05
Additive coding: OXTR				0.000	0.01	0.03	0.00	-0.01	0.02
Dominant coding: OXTR				0.001	0.03	0.04	0.00	0.002	0.03
Recessive coding: OXTR				0.001	-0.05	0.07	0.001	-0.05	0.04
Step 5: OXTR × Positive parenting
Dummy coding: Positive parenting × AG/AA				0.01^**	-0.11^**	0.04	0.001	0.02	0.03
Positive parenting × GG/AA					0.03	0.07		-0.02	0.05
Additive coding: Positive parenting × OXTR				0.001	-0.03	0.03	0.00	0.003	0.02
Dominant coding: Positive parenting × OXTR				0.004	-0.08^*	0.04	0.00	0.02	0.03
Recessive coding: Positive parenting × OXTR				0.001	0.08	0.07	0.00	-0.03	0.05